Knee pain and osteoarthritis
Medical review pending before publication
Updated 15 October 2026Knee pain has many causes. In adults over 45, the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cushioning cartilage wears down over time. Most people improve with exercise, weight control, physiotherapy and pain relief; surgery is considered only when these are not enough.
Symptoms
- Pain on walking or climbing stairs
- Morning stiffness under 30 minutes
- Creaking or swelling
Causes and risk factors
- Age and wear
- Excess body weight
- Old injuries
- Family history
When to see a doctor
- Pain lasting more than a few weeks
- Swelling, locking or the knee giving way
- Pain at night or at rest
Diagnosis and treatment
Your orthopaedic doctor will examine the knee and may suggest an X-ray. Treatment usually starts with strengthening exercises, physiotherapy, weight management and pain relief. Injections or knee replacement are options for some people when other treatment has not helped.
Prevention
- Stay active with low-impact exercise
- Strengthen thigh muscles
- Maintain a healthy weight
Frequently asked questions
Does everyone with knee arthritis need surgery?
No. Most people manage well without surgery. Your doctor will discuss all options, risks and recovery honestly.
Sources
Information on this website is general and does not replace a consultation with a doctor. In an emergency, call 108 or our emergency line.