Kidney stones
Medical review pending before publication
Updated 12 October 2026Kidney stones are hard deposits that form in the kidney. Small stones often pass on their own with fluids and pain relief; larger stones may need a procedure. Severe pain with fever, vomiting or very little urine needs urgent care.
When it is an emergency
- Severe pain with fever or chills, repeated vomiting, or passing very little urine.
Symptoms
- Sharp pain in the side or back that comes in waves
- Pain spreading to the lower belly or groin
- Blood in urine, burning urination
Causes and risk factors
- Not drinking enough water, especially in hot weather
- Diet high in salt
- Family history and some medical conditions
When to see a doctor
- Pain that keeps returning
- Blood in urine
Diagnosis and treatment
An ultrasound or CT scan shows the stone's size and position. Options range from fluids and medicines that help passage to laser or shock-wave treatment and keyhole procedures for larger stones.
Prevention
- Drink enough water to keep urine pale
- Reduce salt
- Follow diet advice based on your stone type
Frequently asked questions
Will a stone come back?
Stones can return. Drinking enough fluid and following advice based on stone analysis lowers the chance.
Sources
Information on this website is general and does not replace a consultation with a doctor. In an emergency, call 108 or our emergency line.